How does water poisoning cause? Introduce the cause of water poisoning
Doctors always make us drink more water, saying that it is beneficial to the recovery of the disease, which is right. However, drinking water should be scientific, otherwise it may lead to poisoning due to drinking water, and improper handling may lead to death. What is the cause of water poisoning? Let's have a look together.
Causes of water poisoning
Water intoxication is more common in patients with low osmotic edema, whose extracellular fluid is too much and low osmotic, so the cause of low osmotic edema is the cause of water intoxication. However, water poisoning can also be seen in patients without edema and low-osmotic dehydration, which can be given too much or too quickly, even if the doctor does not handle it properly. Normal access to sound kidney function, drinking 25L of water a day will not occur water storage and water poisoning, but patients with the following factors can occur water poisoning.
(1) excessive secretion of ADH
Stress stimuli such as terror, blood loss, shock, acute infection (pneumonia, toxic dysentery, etc.), painkillers (e.g. coffee, quine), pain, trauma, surgery and so on. The increased secretion of ADH after surgery usually lasts for 12-36 hours or more. In this case, excessive infusion of electrolyte-free solutions, such as glucose, can easily lead to water poisoning. In addition, patients with partial fluid edema at the end of hypothyroidism can also increase the secretion of ADH through the stimulation of pressure sensor, and the abnormal release of ADH in the case of adrenocortical insufficiency.
(2) Renal dysfunction
Acute renal failure oliguria anuria period, renal dilution and concentration dysfunction, at this time excessive water intake, prone to water poisoning. In addition, for any reason, insufficient renal blood flow or glomerular blood perfusion is seriously reduced, too much water can not be excreted, in the case of hypotonic, water poisoning is easy to occur.
(3) Disorder of water and sodium metabolism
In patients with severe sodium deficiency (hyponatremia) or hypotonic dehydration, the extracellular fluid has been in a state of hypotonic, the body is compensated, and the reabsorption of water and uranium in renal tubules has increased. At this time, excessive water intake can lead to water poisoning. It is suggested that during high osmotic dehydration, water poisoning may also occur due to cell dehydration, such as rapid and massive infusion of salt-free liquid. Therefore, hypotonic fluid can only be infused during treatment, no matter how high the hyperosmotic dehydration.
(4) deficiency of renal drainage function.
During the period of acute renal insufficiency, the function of renal drainage decreases sharply, and the amount of water intake is not limited, which can cause serious heart failure or liver cirrhosis of stagnant water in the body, reduce effective circulatory blood volume and renal blood flow, and renal drainage is also significantly reduced. increasing water load is easy to cause water poisoning.
(5) the end stage of low permeability dehydration.
Due to the low permeability of the extracellular fluid, the extracellular fluid is transferred to the cell. Can cause intracellular edema, so that the input of a large amount of water can cause water poisoning.
Mechanism.
The body fluids of various parts of the body are always constantly exchanged and maintained a certain balance, that is, to maintain the stability of the environment in the body. Water can freely penetrate the capillary wall and cell membrane. The transfer of water between extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid is mainly determined by osmotic pressure. Water must be transferred from low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure. In the case of hypotonic extracellular fluid best male masturbator , the intracellular fluid is relatively hyperosmotic, so water is transferred from extracellular to intracellular kick ass , resulting in excessive intracellular water, that is, intracellular edema. The volume of intracellular fluid is large (40% of body weight) and the volume of extracellular fluid is small (20% of body weight). Water poisoning can only occur to a certain extent, and water poisoning is not common in clinic.
The effect of water addiction on the body is mainly cell edema, cell volume increase, resulting in cell function and metabolic disorders. The greatest harm of water poisoning to the body is the edema of brain cells, that is, nerve cells. The experimental results showed that when the serum sodium decreased below 125 mm / L, the extracellular fluid edema began to transfer to brain cells. When serum sodium decreased to 95-109mmol/L, irreversible damage of brain tissue could be caused in 3 days. Clinically, patients with water poisoning are often accompanied by spasm and other symptoms of abnormal nervous system function. Animal experiments showed that the utilization rate of glucose in brain tissue decreased during water poisoning.
Causes of water poisoning
Water intoxication is more common in patients with low osmotic edema, whose extracellular fluid is too much and low osmotic, so the cause of low osmotic edema is the cause of water intoxication. However, water poisoning can also be seen in patients without edema and low-osmotic dehydration, which can be given too much or too quickly, even if the doctor does not handle it properly. Normal access to sound kidney function, drinking 25L of water a day will not occur water storage and water poisoning, but patients with the following factors can occur water poisoning.
(1) excessive secretion of ADH
Stress stimuli such as terror, blood loss, shock, acute infection (pneumonia, toxic dysentery, etc.), painkillers (e.g. coffee, quine), pain, trauma, surgery and so on. The increased secretion of ADH after surgery usually lasts for 12-36 hours or more. In this case, excessive infusion of electrolyte-free solutions, such as glucose, can easily lead to water poisoning. In addition, patients with partial fluid edema at the end of hypothyroidism can also increase the secretion of ADH through the stimulation of pressure sensor, and the abnormal release of ADH in the case of adrenocortical insufficiency.
(2) Renal dysfunction
Acute renal failure oliguria anuria period, renal dilution and concentration dysfunction, at this time excessive water intake, prone to water poisoning. In addition, for any reason, insufficient renal blood flow or glomerular blood perfusion is seriously reduced, too much water can not be excreted, in the case of hypotonic, water poisoning is easy to occur.
(3) Disorder of water and sodium metabolism
In patients with severe sodium deficiency (hyponatremia) or hypotonic dehydration, the extracellular fluid has been in a state of hypotonic, the body is compensated, and the reabsorption of water and uranium in renal tubules has increased. At this time, excessive water intake can lead to water poisoning. It is suggested that during high osmotic dehydration, water poisoning may also occur due to cell dehydration, such as rapid and massive infusion of salt-free liquid. Therefore, hypotonic fluid can only be infused during treatment, no matter how high the hyperosmotic dehydration.
(4) deficiency of renal drainage function.
During the period of acute renal insufficiency, the function of renal drainage decreases sharply, and the amount of water intake is not limited, which can cause serious heart failure or liver cirrhosis of stagnant water in the body, reduce effective circulatory blood volume and renal blood flow, and renal drainage is also significantly reduced. increasing water load is easy to cause water poisoning.
(5) the end stage of low permeability dehydration.
Due to the low permeability of the extracellular fluid, the extracellular fluid is transferred to the cell. Can cause intracellular edema, so that the input of a large amount of water can cause water poisoning.
Mechanism.
The body fluids of various parts of the body are always constantly exchanged and maintained a certain balance, that is, to maintain the stability of the environment in the body. Water can freely penetrate the capillary wall and cell membrane. The transfer of water between extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid is mainly determined by osmotic pressure. Water must be transferred from low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure. In the case of hypotonic extracellular fluid best male masturbator , the intracellular fluid is relatively hyperosmotic, so water is transferred from extracellular to intracellular kick ass , resulting in excessive intracellular water, that is, intracellular edema. The volume of intracellular fluid is large (40% of body weight) and the volume of extracellular fluid is small (20% of body weight). Water poisoning can only occur to a certain extent, and water poisoning is not common in clinic.
The effect of water addiction on the body is mainly cell edema, cell volume increase, resulting in cell function and metabolic disorders. The greatest harm of water poisoning to the body is the edema of brain cells, that is, nerve cells. The experimental results showed that when the serum sodium decreased below 125 mm / L, the extracellular fluid edema began to transfer to brain cells. When serum sodium decreased to 95-109mmol/L, irreversible damage of brain tissue could be caused in 3 days. Clinically, patients with water poisoning are often accompanied by spasm and other symptoms of abnormal nervous system function. Animal experiments showed that the utilization rate of glucose in brain tissue decreased during water poisoning.
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